{"title":"Karl Kautsky","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"a-origem-do-cristianismo","title":"The origin of Christianity","description":"Translation, introduction, appendix, and notes: Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira. In *The Origin of Christianity*, Karl Kautsky (1854-1938), considered one of the most faithful interpreters of the doctrine of Marx and Angels, studies the origins of religion, taking into account the economic and social conditions of both the Roman Empire and Palestine. In this book, unpublished in Brazil, the author also presents facts that reveal the revolutionary facet of Jesus Christ. The people of Israel, their customs, and the tendencies of their various sects—the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots—are analyzed to explain the true factors and circumstances that determined various historical events. \"Its academic merit transcends any political or ideological conceptions. The Origin of Christianity constitutes an enormous contribution, truly important, including from a theological perspective, to the understanding of Jesus in his historical concreteness, and of Christianity as a social and political phenomenon that transcended its time (...),\" states Professor Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, responsible for the translation, introduction, appendix, and notes of the book. Kautsky's in-depth analysis of the Gospels is highly significant and illuminating. He points out their contradictions and seeks to reveal Jesus as a man, the so-called historical Jesus. The author highlights the possibility that Christ was influenced by the Essenes, who lived in the Dead Sea region. Many other historians recognize that this Jewish sect immediately and directly paved the way for Christianity and helped shape the soul and body of the Church. Kautsky also analyzes the revolutionary side of Jesus. He, like other historians, raises the possibility that Emperor Pilate believed Jesus to be a Zealot—a revolutionary who fought against the oppression of the Roman Empire and often committed acts of suicide. Thus, crucifixion, a punishment reserved for rebels and other enemies of society, was the punishment stipulated for the leader of a failed insurgency. Some terms dear to Marxist doctrine are used by the author, admired by orthodox Marxists and other figures in history who are not very faithful to pure Marxism. Despite disagreeing with Karl Kautsky, who opposed the \"dictatorship of the proletariat\" underway in the USSR, Lenin recognized him as a true \"Marxist historian\" and stated that his works on history were a \"lasting heritage of the proletariat,\" including *The Origin of Christianity*, the first edition of which was published in 1908 in Germany. Kautsky is considered the most respected interpreter of the doctrine of Marx and Angels. In the book, the author uses the term proletariat, in its etymological sense, to designate a low-income, tax-exempt section of the Roman Empire's population. They were considered useful only for the offspring they produced. The term communism also appears to portray the collectivism in which certain Jewish communities lived, especially the Essenes and the Zealots. This in-depth analysis of the historical Jesus undertaken by the author is the basis for understanding the beginnings of Christianity, which, according to Kautsky, gained strength after the great war between the Jews of Jerusalem and the Empire. This event determined the expansion of Christianity, when it ceased to be a political party within Judaism and became a party of non-Jews, even hostile to them.","brand":"Totvsrj-record-dc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47159611392252,"sku":"9788520007389","price":109.9,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0722\/9197\/5420\/files\/4ea18c2cf537ca8774ef36aaceacd9fa_765bd10e-b6a6-4868-a832-693b2d4ba304.jpg?v=1778325177"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.record.com.br\/en\/collections\/karl-kautsky.oembed","provider":"Editora Record","version":"1.0","type":"link"}