Antonio Callado's most important novel, first published in 1967, Quarup tells the story of Nando, a young and naive priest who dreams of rebuilding a communist civilization in the Xingu region, similar to that which existed in the Jesuit missions of southern Brazil. To dedicate himself to the project, Nando travels to Rio de Janeiro to request the necessary authorization from the Indian Protection Service (SPI), the agency that gave rise to the current FUNAI (National Institute of Indigenous Peoples). In Rio, he encounters a permissive society of free sex and drugs, as well as political corruption, as SPI leaders seek to manipulate Nando's project for their own benefit. Lost between existential conflicts and life's pleasures, the young priest gains a new perception of the world, his fellow men, and himself. In the novel, the indigenous ritual of Quarup occurs for Nando and many of the characters as a kind of rite of passage, obliterating the sacred sense for the people of the Xingu. The novel shows, from the perspective of its protagonist, the period between Vargas' suicide and the Military Coup of 1964. After going through several traumatic experiences, Nando joins the armed struggle against the military regime.